广西2007－2012 年结核分枝杆菌和艾滋病病毒联合感染患者死亡特征分析

目的 了解2007－2012 年广西结核分枝杆菌（MTB）/HIV 联合感染患者死亡特征,为有效控制联合感染提供科学依据。方法 收集整理2007－2012 年广西死因登记系统（VRS）中根本死因为HIV造成MTB感染死亡的个案及死因诊断为结核病（TB）的患者,核对病例在TB专报系统的实验室检测结果、诊断时间、发病时间等信息;用统计学方法统计分析病例的三间分布、死亡平均年龄、从发病到死亡时间间隔等特征。结果 2007－2012 年广西VRS登记的HIV 死亡患者中,203 例因感染MTB死亡,MTB/HIV联合感染死亡患者占同期AIDS、TB死亡患者的平均比例为8.24%（3.94%～13.27%）和9.90%（2.56%～26.88%）。2010－2012 年,MTB/HIV 死亡患者占同期AIDS、TB死亡患者的平均比例上升到10.66%和22.17%;MTB/HIV 联合感染死亡患者男女比例为4.21 ∶ 1;平均死亡年龄为44.65（44.65±15.52）岁;从TB发病到诊断时间M为37（94.31±206.07）d;从诊断到死亡平均间隔M为46（165.22±282.19）d;54.68%的MTB/HIV患者在诊断TB2 个月内死亡;从发病到死亡时间M为131（257.68±340.79）d;16.26%的联合感染死亡患者被细菌学确诊为TB病例。结论 细菌学确诊的MTB/HIV患者比例少于HIV阴性TB患者;而MTB导致的联合感染死亡患者占同期AIDS、TB死亡比例较大,且近3 年增加明显,需要增加抗病毒治疗覆盖面;大部分联合感染患者诊断TB后很快死亡,应尽早在HIV患者中发现TB患者。     

Trends in depression by glycemic status: Serial cross-sectional analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2005–2016

AimsWe examined changes in the prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms among US adults with diabetes, prediabetes, and normal glycemic status during 2005–2016.MethodsWe analyzed data from 32,676 adults in the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We defined diabetes as self-reporting a physician diagnosis of diabetes or A1C ≥ 6.5% [48 mmol/mol], and prediabetes as A1C 5.7–6.4% [39–46 mmol/mol]. We used the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score ≥ 10 or antidepressant use to define ‘clinically significant depressive symptoms’ (CSDS) and PHQ-9 score ≥ 12 as ‘Major Depressive Disorder’ (MDD). We calculated prevalence age-standardized to the 2000 US census and used logistic-regression to compute adjusted odds of CSDS and MDD for 2005–2008, 2009–2012, and 2015–2016. We analyzed the prevalence of A1C ≥ 9.0% [75 mmol/mol], systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, non-HDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dL, and current smoking among adults with diagnosed diabetes by depressive status.ResultsThe prevalence of CSDS increased among individuals with normal glycemic status from 15.0% (13.5–16.2) to 17.3% (16.0–18.7) (p = 0.03) over 2005–2016. The prevalence of CSDS and MDD remained stable among adults with prediabetes (~ 16% and 1%, respectively) and diabetes (~ 26% and ~3%). After controlling for glycemic, sociodemographic, economic, and self-rated health variables, we found 2-fold greater odds of CSDS among unemployed individuals and 3-fold greater odds among those with fair/poor self-rated health across all survey periods. Cardiometabolic care targets for adults with diagnosed diabetes were stable from 2005 to 2016 and similar across depressive status.ConclusionsOne-fourth of adults with diabetes have comorbid CSDS; this prevalence remained stable over 2005–2016 with no change in diabetes care. At the population level, depression does not appear to impact diabetes care, but further research could explore subgroups that may be more vulnerable and could benefit from integrated care that addresses both conditions.     

Attitudes about adult vaccines and reminder/recall in a safety net population

Little is known about adult patients’ attitudes toward vaccination and preferences for reminder/recall. The objective of this study was to determine patient perspectives on adult vaccines generally; attitudes about Tdap, pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV-23), and seasonal influenza vaccines specifically; and preferences for adult reminder/recall delivery. Twelve focus groups were conducted with 68 patients in a safety net health system. The sample was stratified by preferred language (English or Spanish), age (18–64 or 65+), and health status (with or without chronic conditions). Participants expressed positive attitudes toward vaccines generally, but had little knowledge of specific vaccines other than influenza, about which they expressed concerns. Although none reported previous experience receiving reminder/recall notices for adult vaccines, all were in favor of receiving them. These results suggest potential patient interest in greater adoption of evidence-based methods to improve immunization rates, and highlight the need for improved communication between providers and patients about adult vaccines.